Charges lead-acid batteries in the conventional way: A current-limited power supply maintains a constant voltage across the battery (2.4V/cell or so, as specified by the battery manufacturer) until the charging current decreases below a current threshold defined by the capacity of the battery. At this point, the charger is placed in a trickle-charge mode. The current threshold is typically 0.01C, where C refers to the battery capacity, which is specified in ampere-hours. When charging a battery, the term "C rate" refers to the current required, in theory, to charge a battery to its full battery capacity C in one hour. In actuality, power lost during the charge cycle ensures that all batteries charged at their C rate take more than an hour to reach full charge. Ideally, you could charge a 5A-hr battery in one hour if the charge current is 5A. Also, ideally, a C/10 charge rate (500mA) charges the same battery in 10 hours. However, the power loss mentioned previously increases these charge times beyond the two time spans stated above.
The charging voltage involves a trade-off between cell life and charging time. High voltage minimizes the time required, but at full charge it produces a large overcharging current that shortens the battery's life by oxidizing its grid. To save battery life at the expense of charging time, you can lower this current by decreasing the charging voltage.
The ideal compromise is to charge at high voltage until the current drops to 0.01C or so and then lower the voltage to maintain a low trickle-charge current (<0.001c)>IN and allows VIN to range above and below the charging voltage. To begin a charge cycle, press the Start switch momentarily.
IC2 measures the battery-charging current by generating a smaller (1/2000) but proportional current at the OUT terminal (pin 8). The resulting drop across R2 produces a voltage at IC1 pin 5. When the charging current drops below 0.01C, for instance, this voltage crosses the internal comparator threshold and drives LBO low. By turning off Q2, the feedback level is shifted, which changes the charging voltage to about 13.6V. The maximum available charging current depends on VIN, the transformer's saturation current, and the current-sense resistor R1.